Solid state storage has quickly been able to saturate the SATA interface just as quickly as new standards are introduced. The first generation of well-built MLC SSDs quickly bumped into the limits of 3Gbps SATA, as did the first generation of 6Gbps MLC SSDs. With hard drives no where near running out of headroom on a 6Gbps interface, it's clear that SSDs need to transition to an interface that can offer significantly higher bandwidth.The obvious choice is PCI Express. A single PCIe 2.0 lane is good for 500MB/s of data upstream and downstream, for an aggregate of 1GB/s. Build a PCIe 2.0 x16 SSD and you're talking 8GB/s in either direction.
The first PCIe 3.0 chipsets have already started shipping and they'll offer even higher bandwidth per lane (1GB/s per lane, per direction).OCZ's RevoDrive X2 PCIe SSDPCI Express is easily scalable and it's just as ubiquitous as SATA in modern systems, it's a natural fit for ultra high performance SSDs. While SATA Express will hopefully merge the two in a manner that preserves backwards compatibility for existing SATA drives, the server market needs solutions today.In the past you needed a huge chassis to deploy an 8-core server, but thanks to Moore's Law you can cram a dozen high-performance x86 cores into a single 1U or 2U chassis.
The Mac mini (any version) has never had a standard PCIe slot. Various models have had mini PCIe slots intended for use with WiFi cards which they came with as standard, and the latest Mac mini 2014 model has a special non-standard PCIe slot solely intended for Apple's own SSD. Linhof super technika.
These high density servers are great for compute performance, but they do significantly limit per-server storage capacity. With the largest eMLC drives topping out at 400GB and SLC drives well below that, if you have high performance needs in a small rackmount chassis you need to look beyond traditional 2.5' drives.Furthermore, if all you're going to do is combine a bunch of SAS/SATA drives behind a PCIe RAID controller it makes more sense to cut out the middleman and combine the two.Micron's P320hWe've seen PCIe SSDs that do just that, including several from OCZ under the and brands. Although OCZ has delivered many iterations of PCIe SSDs at this point they all still follow the same basic principle: combine independent SAS/SATA SSD controllers on a PCIe card with a SAS/SATA RAID controller of some sort. Eventually we'll see designs that truly cut out the middlemen and use native PCIe-to-NAND SSD controllers and a simple PCIe switch or lane aggregator. Micron has announced one such drive with the. The NVMe specification is designed to support the creation of exactly this type of drive, however we have yet to see any implementations of the spec.Many companies have followed in OCZ's footsteps and built similar drives, but many share one thing in common: the use of SandForce controllers.
If you're working with encrypted or otherwise incompressible data, SandForce isn't your best bet.
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Samsung launched its new SM951 today, the first M.2 SSD with full support for both PCI-Express 3.0 and the M.2 standard. We’ve discussed M.2 previously — it’s the newest SSD interconnect and it ties storage directly to the PCI-Express bus via the NVMe standard rather than running the communication through the much slower SATA interface.
Currently, only a handful of motherboards offer M.2 slot and the ones that do are limited to just two lanes of PCIe 2.0 connectivity. The SM951, in contrast, is expected to hit a read speed of 2.15GB/s and write performance of up to 1.55GB/s. That’s far faster than PCI-Express 2.0’s typical 1.6GB/s read and 1.35GB/s write, and roughly 4x faster than the top performance you’ll see from a conventional SATA drive.
This slide, shown back in July, is actually outdated as far as performance is concerned, but accurately illustrates expected power consumption. Samsung claims it can drive 450MB/s of read performance and 250MB/s wite performance per watt of power consumption. That means full power will draw somewhere between 4-5W — too much power for mobile systems, certainly, but not much for desktops or servers.
Some of you may remember back to 2009, when Samsung released a marketing video to highlight the potential performance of its SSDs. Back then, the company built an enormous 24-drive RAID 0 that reached a peak sequential performance of just over 2GB/s. Five years later, Samsung’s single PCI-Express 3.0-based drive is hitting those types of numbers in just one card.
Whether or not PCI-Express 3.0 takes off as an M.2 interface standard is going to be an interesting question. There’s no reason that Intel and AMD couldn’t support it, but manufacturers would need to divert the relatively limited number of PCIe 3.0 lanes away from graphics hardware and over to the interconnect. Given that most gamers prioritize 3D performance over anything else, that’s going to be an intrinsically tough sell. Until Intel and AMD add additional lanes, even customers willing to shuck out for a 1TB drive wouldn’t see that kind of performance without a secondary controller card and a dedicated PCIe 3.0 slot.
For now, this is an industrial drive aimed at major enterprise and business applications, as well as fields like high frequency trading, but it’s not unreasonable to think we could see PCIe 3.0 versions of M.2 in the next few years, particularly since NAND flash is going to be the dominant form of high speed storage for the next 4-5 years.
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